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A heart attack (medically known as a myocardial infarction) is a deadly medical emergency where your heart muscle begins to die because it isn’t getting enough blood flow. A blockage in the arteries that supply blood to your heart usually causes this. If a healthcare provider doesn’t restore blood flow quickly, a heart attack can cause permanent heart damage and death.
OverviewA blocked coronary artery prevents blood from reaching your heart muscle and causes a heart attack.What is a heart attack?A myocardial infarction (commonly called a heart attack) is an extremely dangerous condition that happens because of a lack of blood flow to your heart muscle. The lack of blood flow can occur because of many different factors but is usually related to a blockage in one or more of your heart’s arteries. Without blood flow, the affected heart muscle will begin to die. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, a heart attack can cause permanent heart damage and death. A heart attack is a life-threatening emergency. If you suspect you or someone you’re with is having a heart attack, call 911 (or your local emergency services phone number). Time is critical in treating a heart attack, and a delay of even a few minutes can result in permanent heart damage or death. What does a heart attack feel like?When a heart attack happens, blood flow to a part of your heart stops or is far below normal, which causes injury or death to that part of your heart muscle. When a part of your heart can’t pump because it’s dying from lack of blood flow, it can disrupt the pumping sequence for your entire heart. That reduces or even stops blood flow to the rest of your body, which can be deadly if it isn’t corrected quickly. What are the symptoms of a heart attack?Heart attacks can have a number of symptoms, some of which are more common than others. Men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB) are likely to have different heart attack symptoms than women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB). Symptoms of a heart attack that people describe most often include:
Heart attack symptoms in women and people AFABMedical research in recent years has shown that women and people AFAB are less likely to have chest pain or discomfort that feels like indigestion. They’re more likely to have shortness of breath, fatigue and insomnia that started before the heart attack. They also have nausea and vomiting or pain in the back, shoulders, neck, arms or abdomen. Symptoms and CausesWhat causes a heart attack?The vast majority of heart attacks occur because of a blockage in one of the blood vessels that supplies your heart. This most often happens because of plaque, a sticky substance that can build up on the insides of your arteries (similar to how pouring grease down your kitchen sink can clog your home plumbing). That buildup is called atherosclerosis. Sometimes, plaque deposits inside the coronary (heart) arteries can break open or rupture, and a blood clot can get stuck where the rupture happened. If the clot blocks the artery, this can deprive the heart muscle of blood and cause a heart attack. Heart attacks are possible without a blockage, but this is rare and only accounts for about 5% of all heart attacks. This kind of heart attack can occur for the following reasons:
Who is most at risk for a heart attack?Several key factors affect your risk of having a heart attack. Unfortunately, some of these heart attack risk factors aren’t things you can control. Heart attack risk factorWhy it’s a risk factorDetailsAge and sexYour risk of heart attack increases as you get older. Your sex influences when your risk of a heart attack starts to increase.Men and people AMAB: The risk of heart attack increases greatly at age 45. Women and people AFAB: The risk of heart attack increases greatly at age 50 or after menopause. Family history of heart diseaseIf you have a parent or sibling with a history of heart disease or heart attack — especially at a younger age — your risk is even greater because your genetics are similar to theirs.Your risk increases if: Your father or a brother received a heart disease diagnosis at age 55 or younger. Your mother or a sister received a heart disease diagnosis at age 65 or younger. LifestyleLifestyle choices you make that aren’t good for your heart can increase your risk of having a heart attack.These increase your risk of heart attack: Lack of physical activity. A diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. Smoking or tobacco use (including smokeless or chewing tobacco and vaping). Drinking too much alcohol. Drug use (especially in younger people). Certain health conditions or diseasesSome health conditions put stress on your heart.Having these health conditions can increase your risk of heart attack: Diabetes. Obesity. High blood pressure (hypertension). High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia). History of preeclampsia during pregnancy. Eating disorders (especially in younger people). Diagnosis and TestsHow are heart attacks diagnosed?Healthcare providers usually diagnose heart attacks in an emergency room setting. Anyone with heart attack symptoms should undergo a physical examination, including checking pulse, blood oxygen levels and blood pressure and listening to heart and lung sounds. A healthcare provider will diagnose a heart attack using the following:
Management and TreatmentHow are heart attacks treated?Treating a heart attack means restoring blood flow to the affected heart muscle as soon as possible. This can happen in a variety of ways, ranging from medication to surgery. It’s extremely likely that treatment will use several of the following methods. Supplementary oxygenPeople having trouble breathing or with low blood oxygen levels often receive supplementary oxygen along with other heart attack treatments. You can breathe the oxygen either through a tube that sits just below your nose or a mask that fits over your nose and mouth. This increases the amount of oxygen circulating in the blood and reduces the strain on your heart. Medications
Percutaneous coronary interventionProviders restore circulation to your affected heart muscle with a procedure called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This uses a catheter-based device inserted into a major blood vessel (usually one near your upper thigh or your wrist). PCI is a critical tool in restoring blood flow, and the sooner that happens, the better the chance of a good outcome. Hospitals use a metric called “door-to-balloon time” to measure their ability to treat a heart attack. This is the average time it takes for people to undergo PCI after they first come into the Emergency Room. PCI often includes the placement of a stent at the site of the blockage to help hold the artery open so another blockage doesn’t happen in the same spot. Coronary artery bypass graftingPeople who have severe blockages of their coronary arteries may undergo coronary artery bypass grafting. This surgery is often called open-heart surgery, bypass surgery or CABG (the acronym is pronounced the same as “cabbage”). CABG involves using a blood vessel from elsewhere in your body (usually your chest, arm or leg) to construct a detour for blood. This reroutes blood around one or more blocked artery sections and brings blood to your heart muscle. PreventionCan I prevent having a heart attack?In general, there are many things that you can do that may prevent a heart attack. However, some factors beyond your control — especially your family history — can still lead to a heart attack despite your best efforts. Still, reducing your risk can postpone when you have a heart attack and reduce the severity if you have one. How can I reduce my risk of having a heart attack?Although there are several risk factors that you can’t control, there are many ways you can help yourself and reduce your risk of a heart attack. These include:
Being an active contributor to your health doesn’t mean you have to make lifestyle changes all on your own. Ask your primary care provider and other providers on your healthcare team for help. They can provide the information and resources you need. If you’ve already had a heart attack, your healthcare provider will recommend a cardiac rehabilitation program. This program’s goals are to reduce your chance of a second heart attack. These medically supervised programs provide counseling and focus on the same healthy living goals listed above. Outlook / PrognosisWhat can I expect if I have this condition?After you’ve had a heart attack, you’re at a higher risk of a similar occurrence. Your healthcare provider will likely recommend follow-up monitoring, testing and care to avoid future heart attacks. Some of these include:
Additionally, you’ll continue to take medicines — some of the ones you received for immediate treatment of your heart attack — long-term. These include:
How soon after treatment will I feel better?In general, your heart attack symptoms should decrease as you receive treatment. You’ll likely have some lingering weakness and fatigue during your hospital stay and for several days after. Your healthcare provider will give you guidance on rest, medications to take, etc. Recovery from the treatments also varies, depending on the method of treatment. The average hospital stay for a heart attack is between four and five days. In general, expect to stay in the hospital for the following length of time:
When can I resume my usual activities?Recovery from a heart attack after leaving the hospital depends on the severity of the heart attack, how soon treatment began, the methods used and the health conditions you had — if any — before your heart attack. Your healthcare provider can explain the next steps for your recovery and what you can expect. In general, most people can return to work or resume their usual activities anywhere between two weeks to three months after their heart attack. Cardiac rehab can help people gradually and safely increase their physical activity back to its prior level. Living WithWhat are the complications of a heart attack?Complications associated with heart attacks include:
Who fares better after a heart attack?Younger women (pre-menopause) and people AFAB under age 45 have a better outcome than men and people AMAB of a similar age. Scientists believe this is because of estrogen’s heart-protective effects. However, after menopause ends the protective benefits of estrogen, women fare worse than men. More specifically:
Frequently Asked QuestionsWhy should I call 911 if I can drive myself to the hospital (or have someone drive me)?If you have any symptoms of a heart attack, it’s best to call 911 for multiple reasons:
How common are heart attacks?New heart attacks happen to about 635,000 people in the U.S. each year. About 300,000 people a year have a second heart attack. About 1 in 7 deaths in the U.S. is due to coronary heart disease, which includes heart attacks. A note from Cleveland Clinic A blocked artery needs immediate care to prevent permanent heart damage. You may think that if your symptoms aren’t intense and severe, you’re not having a heart attack. However, it’s best to get your symptoms checked. Calling 911, rather than driving yourself or having someone else drive you, can be even more life-saving than you think. Time saved is a heart muscle saved, and that means you have a better chance of a good outcome. Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Print Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 10/30/2022. References
Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information enewsCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy Related Institutes & ServicesHeart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute (Miller Family)The latest information about heart & vascular disorders, treatments, tests and prevention from the No. 1-ranked heart program in the United States. More Heart ResourcesFind more Heart & Vascular Diseases & Conditions topicsRelated Health InformationCoronary Artery Disease OverviewHeart Attack - Myocardial InfarctionHeart Attack - Recovery Cardiac RehabilitationCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy More health news + infoShow More
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Should you lie down when having a heart attack?CALL 9-1-1 or your local emergency number immediately. Stop all activity. Sit or lie down, in whatever position is most comfortable.
What are the 4 signs of an impending heart attack?What are the symptoms of heart attack?. Chest pain or discomfort. ... . Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint. ... . Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.. Pain or discomfort in one or both arms or shoulders.. Shortness of breath.. What should you not do during a heart attack?What not to do during a heart attack. Do not rely on just taking nitroglycerin. Taking a prescribed medication such as nitroglycerin that temporarily widens blood vessels to improve blood supply to the heart is unlikely to stop a heart attack. ... . Do not cough repeatedly. ... . Do not apply pressure on the chest.. |